Annotated Bibliography
Duncan, M.C., and C.A. Hasbrook. "Denial of Power in Televised Women's Sports." Sociology of Sport Journal. 5.1 (1988): 1-21. Print.
The authors of this journal article examined women’s participation in team sports and how the amount of women participating in “male-appropriate” sports is significantly lower than men’s participation in these sports. M.C. Duncan and C.A. Hasbrook are both professors at the University of Wisconsin Milwaukee. They focused on how the media disregards women in team sports more than any of the men’s sports; particularly in television. The research chose to examine women’s media coverage in basketball, surfing, and marathon running. They contrasted televisions coverage women’s competitions to that of men’s competitions. Their results found far more media coverage of men’s sports than that of women’s. The authors believe that this causes negative suggestions that undercut women’s efforts. By the media doing this, it is a way of denying power to women.
English, Jane. "Sex Equality in Sports." Philosophy and Public Affairs. 7.3 (1978): 269-277. Print.
The author examines equal opportunities in sports for women and what exactly constitutes equal opportunity for them. She explores the nondiscrimination aspect of equal opportunity and suggests that the characteristic of sex should not be taken into account in relation to sports. In the article, it is explained that philosophers have developed three major positions concerning equal opportunity, but have focused on fields in which the sexes are either known or assumed to have equal potentialities. In regards to sports, some relevant differences between the sexes do appear to be permanent. This causes all three major positions concerning equal opportunity to be deficient when applied to this area. The author attempts to explain how physical attributes that men have and women do not add to the lack of equal opportunity in the sports world.
Gantz, Walter, and Lawrence A. Wenner. "Men, Women, and Sports: Audience Experiences and Effects." Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media. 35.2 (1991): 233-243. Print.
The authors from the Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media examined the gender differences in the audience’s experience in televised sports and sporting activities. Walter Gantz is the Associate Professor of Telecommunications and Director of the Institute for Communication Research at Indiana University. Lawrence A. Wenner is the Associate Dean of Arts and Sciences and Professor of Communication at the University of San Francisco. These men explain how women and men were expected to observe and respond to sports programming in a variety of ways. A survey was conducted wherein the authors used telephone interviews with 400 adults living in Los Angeles and 307 adults living in Indianapolis. Gender differences were examined using covariate analyses of demographic attributes, favorite sport, and overall interest in viewing sports on television. The researchers found that men responded like fans more than women even with initial levels of interest being controlled. The authors believe that social norms as well as varying household responsibilities may account for many of the differences uncovered.
Guttmann, Allen. Women's Sports: A History. 1st ed. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1991. Print.
The author, Allen Guttmann, explains the history and evolution of women in the sporting world. He begins the work with a brief overview of women’s sporting activities in Ancient Egypt and in Sparta. He tells of how women have never been as involved in sports as they are today, and how they got to be where they are. He also explains how women are underrepresented in the sporting world by being oppressed by the opposite gender. Reasons such as sports being a “male domain” are presented to the reader in an effort to explain why women are not equally represented on the sports scene. The purpose of his study is to explain the ignorance of why men attempt to exclude women from their sports world. Statements from the early 1900’s by physicians telling that women playing sports may damage their ability to bear children are expressed and condemned throughout the work. The author wraps up the study by explaining how women have come so far in the sports world and continue to make advances today, even though the pace of advancement has slowed down tremendously.
Rhode, Deborah L., and Christopher J. Walker. "Gender Equity in College Athletics: Women Coaches as a Case Study." Stanford Journal of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties. 1.50 (2008): 1-48. Print.
The authors and researchers at Stanford Law School compiled a study that examines women’s progress in sporting activities, and focuses in depth on Title IX that Congress passed in 1972. This amendment ensures that no person shall be excluded from participation in any activity based on their sex. The article also focuses on the barriers that still confront women in college athletics, particularly those who seek professional positions in coaching and administration. The authors include the findings of an empirical survey of over 450 coaches of college women’s sports concerning the barriers to gender equity and the role of Title IX. The article concludes with the problems in Title IX enforcement and strategies to reform the amendment.
Sabo, Don. "Women's Athletics and the Elimination of Men's Sports Programs." Journal of Sport and Social Issues. 22.1 (1998): 27-31. Print.
The author conducted a survey that tested the assertion that increases in women’s sports programs since the enactment of Title IX has led to cutbacks in men’s sports programs. He did this by creating a subsample of 637 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) affiliated schools who reported the numbers of men’s and women’s sports programs on their campuses that were added or eliminated between 1978 and 1996. The findings concluded that women’s sports programs had a gain of 1,658 while the men’s programs gained only 74 sports programs. Men’s sports programs also decreased by a number of 152 sports programs. The results of the author’s study suggest that the increases in women’s sports programs between 1978 and 1996 were not accompanied by downsizing of men’s sports programs. This explains that the reason women’s sports programs increased so much more than men’s programs is because men’s programs were already in place for the enactment of Title IX and women’s programs were not; thus they were created after the amendment.
Duncan, M.C., and C.A. Hasbrook. "Denial of Power in Televised Women's Sports." Sociology of Sport Journal. 5.1 (1988): 1-21. Print.
The authors of this journal article examined women’s participation in team sports and how the amount of women participating in “male-appropriate” sports is significantly lower than men’s participation in these sports. M.C. Duncan and C.A. Hasbrook are both professors at the University of Wisconsin Milwaukee. They focused on how the media disregards women in team sports more than any of the men’s sports; particularly in television. The research chose to examine women’s media coverage in basketball, surfing, and marathon running. They contrasted televisions coverage women’s competitions to that of men’s competitions. Their results found far more media coverage of men’s sports than that of women’s. The authors believe that this causes negative suggestions that undercut women’s efforts. By the media doing this, it is a way of denying power to women.
English, Jane. "Sex Equality in Sports." Philosophy and Public Affairs. 7.3 (1978): 269-277. Print.
The author examines equal opportunities in sports for women and what exactly constitutes equal opportunity for them. She explores the nondiscrimination aspect of equal opportunity and suggests that the characteristic of sex should not be taken into account in relation to sports. In the article, it is explained that philosophers have developed three major positions concerning equal opportunity, but have focused on fields in which the sexes are either known or assumed to have equal potentialities. In regards to sports, some relevant differences between the sexes do appear to be permanent. This causes all three major positions concerning equal opportunity to be deficient when applied to this area. The author attempts to explain how physical attributes that men have and women do not add to the lack of equal opportunity in the sports world.
Gantz, Walter, and Lawrence A. Wenner. "Men, Women, and Sports: Audience Experiences and Effects." Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media. 35.2 (1991): 233-243. Print.
The authors from the Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media examined the gender differences in the audience’s experience in televised sports and sporting activities. Walter Gantz is the Associate Professor of Telecommunications and Director of the Institute for Communication Research at Indiana University. Lawrence A. Wenner is the Associate Dean of Arts and Sciences and Professor of Communication at the University of San Francisco. These men explain how women and men were expected to observe and respond to sports programming in a variety of ways. A survey was conducted wherein the authors used telephone interviews with 400 adults living in Los Angeles and 307 adults living in Indianapolis. Gender differences were examined using covariate analyses of demographic attributes, favorite sport, and overall interest in viewing sports on television. The researchers found that men responded like fans more than women even with initial levels of interest being controlled. The authors believe that social norms as well as varying household responsibilities may account for many of the differences uncovered.
Guttmann, Allen. Women's Sports: A History. 1st ed. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1991. Print.
The author, Allen Guttmann, explains the history and evolution of women in the sporting world. He begins the work with a brief overview of women’s sporting activities in Ancient Egypt and in Sparta. He tells of how women have never been as involved in sports as they are today, and how they got to be where they are. He also explains how women are underrepresented in the sporting world by being oppressed by the opposite gender. Reasons such as sports being a “male domain” are presented to the reader in an effort to explain why women are not equally represented on the sports scene. The purpose of his study is to explain the ignorance of why men attempt to exclude women from their sports world. Statements from the early 1900’s by physicians telling that women playing sports may damage their ability to bear children are expressed and condemned throughout the work. The author wraps up the study by explaining how women have come so far in the sports world and continue to make advances today, even though the pace of advancement has slowed down tremendously.
Rhode, Deborah L., and Christopher J. Walker. "Gender Equity in College Athletics: Women Coaches as a Case Study." Stanford Journal of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties. 1.50 (2008): 1-48. Print.
The authors and researchers at Stanford Law School compiled a study that examines women’s progress in sporting activities, and focuses in depth on Title IX that Congress passed in 1972. This amendment ensures that no person shall be excluded from participation in any activity based on their sex. The article also focuses on the barriers that still confront women in college athletics, particularly those who seek professional positions in coaching and administration. The authors include the findings of an empirical survey of over 450 coaches of college women’s sports concerning the barriers to gender equity and the role of Title IX. The article concludes with the problems in Title IX enforcement and strategies to reform the amendment.
Sabo, Don. "Women's Athletics and the Elimination of Men's Sports Programs." Journal of Sport and Social Issues. 22.1 (1998): 27-31. Print.
The author conducted a survey that tested the assertion that increases in women’s sports programs since the enactment of Title IX has led to cutbacks in men’s sports programs. He did this by creating a subsample of 637 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) affiliated schools who reported the numbers of men’s and women’s sports programs on their campuses that were added or eliminated between 1978 and 1996. The findings concluded that women’s sports programs had a gain of 1,658 while the men’s programs gained only 74 sports programs. Men’s sports programs also decreased by a number of 152 sports programs. The results of the author’s study suggest that the increases in women’s sports programs between 1978 and 1996 were not accompanied by downsizing of men’s sports programs. This explains that the reason women’s sports programs increased so much more than men’s programs is because men’s programs were already in place for the enactment of Title IX and women’s programs were not; thus they were created after the amendment.
